Mind Map - Deductive Reasoning

CH 13- Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises. Deduction is the study of formal logic, or the science of good reasoning. It is called formal because its main concern is with creating forms that serve as models to demonstrate both correct and incorrect reasoning. Reasoning draws conclusions, judgements, or inferences from facts or premises. Logic arranges deductive arguments in standardized forms called syllogisms, that make the structure of the argument clearly visible for study and review.

Mind Map - Arguments

Mind Map - Inductive Fallacies

Mind Map - Advanced Strategies

Mind Map - Inductive Reasoning

CH 12- Arguments

Arguments can be logical structures that people use when they write and speak to present ideas and to persuade others to support those ideas. It consists of two or more statements that include one conclusion and at least one reason that supports it. Arguments can be evaluated using specific criteria including determining dependability, distingushing fact from opinion, and detecting fallacies. The two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion. Inductive arguments begin with a series of specific observations and conclude with a generalization that logically flow from them.

CH 12 - Inductive Fallacies

The fallacy that occurs most often in inductive reasoning is the hasty generalization. A hasty generalization is a conclusion based on insufficient evidence. Often it expresses stereotypes. Other inductive fallacies include; either - or fallacy, questionable statisitic, inconsistencies and contradictions, loaded question, false analogy, false cause, slippery slope.

CH 11 - Advanced Strategies

Visual aids are often used by textbook authors to help readers have a clear understanding of the information they are presenting. Types of visual aids include mind maps, outlines, charts, diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, and timelines. Learning how to read visuals will help you understand and remember the textual information they illustrate. You must be able to recognize the important elements in what you are reading and be able to organize them in a logical and useful format.

CH 11- Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. When using inductive reasoning we observe, test, and check things out in a systematic way. Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form a conclusion about all members of that class. Induction can be done through senory observation, enumeration, analogous reasoning, casual reasoning, and pattern recognition. An inductive study is a generalization that is probable but not certain.

Mind Map - Texbook Marking

CH 10 - Textbook Marking

Textbook marking is a systematic way of marking, highlighting, and labeling ideas to show which are most important. You should look for and mark these items, main ideas, major ideas, major supporting details, and new vocabulary. Always make sure to mark information that is unclear to you and find out what it means. A personalized system will work well as long as it makes to you and is consistent.

Mind Map - Fallacies

CH.10 - Fallacies

A fallacy is a statement or agument that presents itself as reasoned when it is not. Fallacies can be manipulated through language, emotions, and distraction. The fallacy of word ambiguity happens when an argument includes a key word when several meanings are left undefined. Therefore, the reader must assume what meaning was intended. We must not let any argument or statement influence in manipulating our opinion without carefully studying both sides of the situation.

Mind Map - PSR Strategies

CH 9 - PSR Strategies

The PSR technique stands for preview, study-read, and review; the purpose for this is to question yourself before, during, and after reading. Previewing a chapter allows you to find out how long or difficult it will be. It allows you to ask questions, predict content, and hypothesizing about the main idea. Steps for previewing a reading assignment are; skim the reading, develop questions, and predict content. Commenting in writing helps you digest and understand an author's ideas and create you own.

Mind Map - Argument

CH 9 - Argument

An argument offers reasons to support a conclusion with the intent to persuade. Arguments represent the bias, interests, and objectives of a viewpoint. We must first determine the issue before making an argument. Arguments and reports are each structured differently and have different objectives. The main purpose of a report is to offer information. Its objective is not to advocate an opinion. Arguments, on the other hand, do advocate opinions. Information may be used to explain an idea, to justify it, or persuade others to accept that idea.

Mind Map - Organization

CH 8 - Organization

When having the ability to recognize organizational methods it helps the reader understand the author's ideas. It will also help to remember the material beacause you are not memorizing but relating them to the form patterns that organize and hold them in your memory. A way to look for an author's method of organization is to find the word clues called, Organizational word clues (OWCs), which describe the pattern being used.