CH 12- Arguments

Arguments can be logical structures that people use when they write and speak to present ideas and to persuade others to support those ideas. It consists of two or more statements that include one conclusion and at least one reason that supports it. Arguments can be evaluated using specific criteria including determining dependability, distingushing fact from opinion, and detecting fallacies. The two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion. Inductive arguments begin with a series of specific observations and conclude with a generalization that logically flow from them.

CH 12 - Inductive Fallacies

The fallacy that occurs most often in inductive reasoning is the hasty generalization. A hasty generalization is a conclusion based on insufficient evidence. Often it expresses stereotypes. Other inductive fallacies include; either - or fallacy, questionable statisitic, inconsistencies and contradictions, loaded question, false analogy, false cause, slippery slope.

CH 11 - Advanced Strategies

Visual aids are often used by textbook authors to help readers have a clear understanding of the information they are presenting. Types of visual aids include mind maps, outlines, charts, diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, and timelines. Learning how to read visuals will help you understand and remember the textual information they illustrate. You must be able to recognize the important elements in what you are reading and be able to organize them in a logical and useful format.

CH 11- Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. When using inductive reasoning we observe, test, and check things out in a systematic way. Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form a conclusion about all members of that class. Induction can be done through senory observation, enumeration, analogous reasoning, casual reasoning, and pattern recognition. An inductive study is a generalization that is probable but not certain.

Mind Map - Texbook Marking

CH 10 - Textbook Marking

Textbook marking is a systematic way of marking, highlighting, and labeling ideas to show which are most important. You should look for and mark these items, main ideas, major ideas, major supporting details, and new vocabulary. Always make sure to mark information that is unclear to you and find out what it means. A personalized system will work well as long as it makes to you and is consistent.

Mind Map - Fallacies

CH.10 - Fallacies

A fallacy is a statement or agument that presents itself as reasoned when it is not. Fallacies can be manipulated through language, emotions, and distraction. The fallacy of word ambiguity happens when an argument includes a key word when several meanings are left undefined. Therefore, the reader must assume what meaning was intended. We must not let any argument or statement influence in manipulating our opinion without carefully studying both sides of the situation.